Technology Transfer and Commercialization Models and Policies in India, USA, China and Malaysia: A C

Technology transfer (TT) and technology commercialization (TC) play an important role in growing the use of existing technologies and inventions produced by research institutions and universities in the manufacturing sector and other market activities. As a result, TT and TC have a variety of positive consequences for the government, corporate leaders, research universities, academics and scientists, and the general public. After independence, India introduced a host of science and technology (S&T) and intellectual property rights (IPRs) policies to improve TT and TC.Despite this, India does not do better than other Asian countries in terms of technology transfer and commercialization. As a result, based on current literature, this study addresses technology commercialization (TC) and technology transfer (TT) policies for India, the United States, China, and Malaysia. Following that, based on previous research, it also involves the various TT and TC models adopted by the aforementioned countries. For Indian academic institutions and universities, choosing a clear model for TC and TT is advantageous.However, it is clear that most research organisations in India participate in TC and TT in compliance with the rules set out by their respective funding agencies. As a result, there is no uniform policy in place in Indian research institutions to increase TC and TT on a large scale. In contrast to the United States and China, India tends to have an incompatible policy structure for TC and TT. To increase TT and TC in research institutions, India should follow vertical and horizontal models, according to experts.It also integrates significant aspects of TC and TT in order to draw the attention of Indian politicians, development thinkers, companies, academic agencies, scholars, and scientists to the need for a uniform policy in India. Finally, it makes many policy recommendations for India to boost its position among the world's most competitive countries in S&T, IPRs, TT, and TC.

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